To investigate risk factors for pneumonia for infants pneumonia who were admitted to a pediatric hospital. Pneumonia caused by bacteria can be treated with antibiotics, but only one third of children with pneumonia receive the antibiotics they need. Risk factors like lack of exclusive breastfeeding, low birth weight, undernutrition, indoor air pollution, overcrowding and lack of measles immunization are associated with pneumonia. A childs immune system may be weakened by malnutrition or undernourishment, especially in infants who are not exclusively breastfed. Evidence exists in the published literature for a large number of pneumonia risk factors, including indoor air pollution 4, 5, malnutrition 6, 7, lack of breastfeeding 8, 9, low maternal education 6, 10, 11, low socioeconomic status ses, poor access to care, and concomitant illnesses 11. Prevalence and risk factors of pneumonia in under five. However, data at the community level remains limited. Risk factors for childhood pneumonia among the urban poor in. Nonetheless, further reduction of mortality due to childhood pneumonia requires a better understanding of the. Most significant risk factors associated with complicated pneumonia included younger age, maternal and father education, rural area, malnutrition, anaemia, rickets, birth problems. Aetiology and risks factors associated with the fatal.
Risk factors for child pneumonia focus on the western. Some risk factors and clinical signs, including nutritional status,2 18 19 low birth weight,20 hypoxia, cyanosis and grunting,21 22 and radiological findings,23 are well described as the predictors of death in childhood pneumonia. Risk factors for communityacquired pneumonia in children under. One agematched neighborhood control subject was selected for each case. Korppi european respiratory journal nov 2010, 36 5 12211222. In fact, children who suffer from underlying chronic disease e. Global, regional, and national estimates of pneumonia. Risk factors for severe pneumonia in children in south kerala. At both extremes of age, this increased risk relates in part to impaired immunity. Risk factors of pneumonia among children under 5 years at a. A household level interview survey was conducted in biliran island, the. Pdf incidence and risk factors of childhood pneumonialike. Evidence exists in the published literature for a large number of pneumonia risk factors, including indoor air pollution 4, 5, malnutrition 6, 7, lack of breastfeeding. For young children, keep an eye on them if they have a fever, a prolonged cough, wheezing, or even paler than usual skin.
Despite these challenges, the depth of the evaluation of multiple risk factors across the breadth of the perch sites should furnish new and valuable information about the major risk factors for childhood severe and very severe pneumonia, including risk factors for pneumonia caused by specific etiologies, in developing countries. These reductions are consistent with the decrease in the prevalence of some of the key risk factors for pneumonia, increasing socioeconomic development and preventive interventions, improved access to care, and quality of care in hospitals. Sep 11, 2018 childhood clinical pneumonia is caused by exposure to risk factors related to the host, the environment and infection. Types of chronic lung disease range from congenital conditions like asthma to those caused by tissue damage, like emphysema and lung cancer. A crosssectional study in eight cities of china article pdf available in environment international 116. Definite risk factors malnutrition weightforage zscore low birth weight. Research shows that attendance at a childcare center increases the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease and acute otitis media 23fold among children younger than 59 months old. It can be concluded that in a developing country like india, pneumonia is a common childhood illness with risk factors like lower maternal education, delayed onset of complementary feeding, lack of complete immunization, indoor air pollution and also lower socio economic condition which is a scenario usually observed in urban slums. Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea the lancet.
While most healthy children can fight the infection with their natural defences, children whose immune systems are compromised are at higher risk of developing pneumonia. The authors included 107 children with either radiologically or clinically diagnosed cap treated as outpatients in four dutch healthcare centres in 19992008, and compared. Learn about causes, risk factors, prevention, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatments for pneumonia, and how to participate in clinical trials. Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea the. Background pneumonia was first described by hippocrates 5 460 370 bc. Malnutrition was the most important risk factor for childhood pneumonia in the study population, with weightforage, heightforage, and weightforheight also being important risk factors. Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs.
The data was analyzed using the statistical software epiinfo version 7. Malnutrition was the most important risk factor for childhood pneumonia in the study population, with weight for age, height for age, and weight for height also being important risk factors. Risk factors that may have to do with your lifestyle choices increase your likelihood of developing pneumonia and include. Pneumonia is a major cause of disease and death in infants and young children aged pdf available in plos one 105. National center for immunization and respiratory diseases, division of bacterial diseases. Pdf residential risk factors for childhood pneumonia. Nov 26, 2018 globally, the incidence of child pneumonia decreased by 30% and mortality decreased by 51% during the millennium development goal period.
Reported incidence and risk factors of childhood pneumonia in. Pneumonia is a severe form of acute lower respiratory infection responsible for high preventable morbidities and mortality. Risk factors for childhood pneumonia among the urban poor in fortaleza brazil. You are more likely to get pneumonia if you smoke or have underlying medical conditions, like diabetes or heart disease. The pooled global estimates sometimes mask disparities between. Although afghanistan is considered 1 of the 5 countries with the highest level of childhood deaths from pneumonia, studies of the risk factors for death and etiology of pneumonia among children in afghanistan are lacking. Cherg proposed guidelines for the appropriate conduct of pneumonia etiology. To identify risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease, including penicillinresistant infections, among children 2 to 59 months of age. Youre at greater risk of pneumonia if youre in a hospital intensive care unit, especially if youre on a machine that helps you breathe a ventilator. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia. Prevalence and risk factors of pneumonia in under five children. To investigate risk factors for pneumonia for infants apr 01, 2012 generation of list of potential risk factors. Rotavirus is the most common cause of vaccinepreventable severe diarrhoea associated with 28% of cases, and streptococcus pneumoniae 183% of.
Most significant risk factors associated with complicated pneumonia included younger age, maternal and father education, rural area. Prevalence of pneumonia and factors associated among children. Evaluation of risk factors for severe pneumonia in. The first consultation resulted in updated recommendations for preventing and managing pneumonia in hivinfected and exposed infants and children. Pneumonia is a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection of the lungs that causes the air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus. Risk factors of paediatric communityacquired pneumonia. Risk factors associated with child pneumonia include. This study gives evidence for the importance of home environment exposures in the occurrence of childhood pneumonia.
Pneumonia is a leading cause of deaths in infants and young children in developing countries, including the philippines. Risk factors for pneumonia among children in a brazilian. In addition to vaccination, primary prevention requires careful consideration of risk factors associated with child pneumonia. Risk factors for childhood pneumonia among the urban poor. Pdf home risk factors for childhood pneumonia in nanjing. However, you can lower your chances by taking good care of your medical problems, and quitting smoking. Risk factors for child pneumonia lack of breastfeeding. Pneumonia causes about two million under five deaths each year, accounting for nearly one in five child deaths globally. Patients with invasive pneumococcal infections identified by populationbased surveillance n 187 and controls identified through randomdigit telephone dialing n 280. Risk for death among children with pneumonia, afghanistan. Pneumonia national heart, lung, and blood institute nhlbi. Risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease in children. Case definition for ari was was based on the integrated management of childhood illnesses imci classification for children presenting with cough or difficulty breathing mild ari no pneumonia, moderate ari pneumonia and severe ari severe pneumonia 14. Infants and very young children are highly vulnerable, as are the elderly.
Identifying its prevalence in underfive children and the associated factors is crucial to achieve mdg4 in developing countries. The study population consisted of 156 young adults and 107 children aged for each case from the same. Risk factors of communityacquired pneumonia in children t. If you smoke, your risk of contracting pneumonia is higher than that of the general population because smoking compromises your immune systems ability to defend itself from the organisms that make you sick. Incidence and risk factors of childhood pneumonialike. Lack of breastfeeding is a leading risk factor of child morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Evidence showed that different factors were associated with occurrence of underfive pneumonia. The epidemiology of childhood diarrhoea and that of pneumonia overlap, which might be partly because of shared risk factors, such as undernutrition, suboptimum breastfeeding, and zinc deficiency. As per the reports of who, released in november 2010, pneumonia kills nearly 1. Risk factors of communityacquired pneumonia in children.
Risk factors related to the host and the environment that affect incidence of childhood clinical pneumonia in the community in developing countries. A casecontrol study was undertaken in 400 children under 5 years of age in south kerala, india, to identify the risk factors for severe pneumonia. Aug 02, 2019 pneumonia can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi. In view of the high prevalence of stunting in the study population, there is an urgent need to reduce the level of. Childhood clinical pneumonia is caused by exposure to risk factors related to the host, the environment and infection. In afghanistan, the mortality ratio for children china. We therefore determined risk factors for death from pneumonia in. Our study aimed to estimate incidence and mortality rates and to evaluate risk factors and healthseeking behavior for childhood pneumonia. Who epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia.
Few studies have been carried out on residential risk factors for pneumonia. Learn the common types, causes, and risk factors, what. Previous research has shown that in low resource settings, risk factors for pneumonia in children have included malnutrition. The mayo clinic said children under 2years and adults over 65years of age are at particularly high risk. Pneumonia can be prevented by immunization, adequate nutrition, and by addressing environmental factors. Incidence and risk factors of childhood pneumonialike episodes in biliran island, philippinesa communitybased study article pdf available in plos one 105. Factors could be child, maternal, environmental, access to health care, overcrowding, indoor air pollution, charcoal use for cooking, carrying the child on back during cooking. Risk factors for acute respiratory infections in children. Pdf risk factors for childhood pneumonia among the urban. Many of these risk factors are amenable to corrective measures. Revised who classification and treatment of childhood.
In the studies evaluated, seven risk factors were shown to be significantly associated. Cases were inpatients with severe pneumonia as ascertained by who criteria, while controls were outpatients with nonsevere acute respiratory infections. Universal exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life would prevent an estimated 1,301,000 deaths in children under 5 years of age per year, or % of all under5 mortality. A household level interview survey was conducted in biliran island, the philippines. Prevalence of pneumonia among under five children in este. Predisposing factors of community acquired pneumonia in under. In view of the high prevalence of stunting in the study population, there is an urgent need to reduce the level of malnutrition as a priority. There was a call to reach a consensus on definitions of pneumonia in both resourcelimited and wellresourced settings. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus purulent material, causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. In afghanistan, the mortality ratio for children pneumonia. Pneumonia kills more children than aids, malaria and measles combined and that effective interventions exist to prevent and treat pneumonia but. Home risk factors for childhood pneumonia in nanjing, china.
In order to investigate potential home risk factors associated with childrens pneumonia, china child home health cchh questionnaires were randomly distributed to parents of 6461 children in 23 kindergartens in all 11 districts of nanjing, covering urban, suburban, and industrial areas. Although afghanistan is considered 1 of the 5 countries with the highest level of childhood deaths from pneumonia, studies of the risk factors for death and etiology of pneumonia among children in afghanistan are lacking 2. Prevalence of pneumonia and factors associated among. Evaluation of risk factors for severe pneumonia in children. In a recent issue of the european respiratory journal, teepe et al.